Annals of Clinical and Experimental NeurologyAnnals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology2075-54732409-2533Research Center of Neurology83510.54101/ACEN.2022.1.7Research ArticleThe Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III): linguistic and cultural adaptation into RussianVarakoNatalia A.<p>Cand. Sci. (Psychol.), senior researcher, Methodology of psychology chair, Faculty of psychology, senior researcher, Department of neurorehabilitation and physiotherapy, senior researcher, Laboratory of counseling psychology and psychotherapy</p>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8310-8169ArkhipovaDaria V.<p>master student, Faculty of psychology</p>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0637-6044KovyazinaMaria S.<p>D. Sci. (Psychol.), Assoc. Prof., Corr. Member of the Russian Academy of Education, Professor, Neuro and pathopsychology chair, Faculty of psychology, researcher, Department of neurorehabilitation and physiotherapy, acting Head, Laboratory of counseling psychology and psychotherapy</p>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1795-6645YusupovaDjamilya G.<p>neurologist, junior researcher, Department of neurorehabilitation and physiotherapy</p>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5826-9112ZaytsevAleksander B.<p>Cand. Sci. (Philology), Assoc. Prof., Institute of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication</p>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3774-3070ZiminAleksey A.<p>Cand. Sci. (Pedagogy), senior researcher, Department of neurorehabilitation and physiotherapy</p>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9226-2870SolominaAnastasiia V.<p>psychologist, translator, member of Association for Contextual Behavioral Science</p>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0069-1791BundhunPratish<p>junior researcher, Department of neurorehabilitation and physiotherapy</p>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4680-9297RamchandaniNicha M.<p>junior researcher, Department of neurorehabilitation and physiotherapy</p>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9129-7118SuponevaNataliya A.<p>D. Sci. (Med.), Corr. Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head, Department of neurorehabilitation and physiotherapy</p>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3956-6362PiradovMikhail A.<p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director</p>annaly-nevrologii@neurology.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6338-0392Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityResearch Center of NeurologyPsychological Institute of Russian Academy of EducationSechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityAssociation for Contextual Behavioral ScienceVictoria HospitalKenyatta National Hospital1501202216153582603202226032022Copyright © 2022, Varako N.A., Arkhipova D.V., Kovyazina M.S., Yusupova D.G., Zaytsev A.B., Zimin A.A., Solomina A.V., Bundhun P., Ramchandani N.M., Suponeva N.A., Piradov M.A.2022<p><strong>Introduction.</strong> Timely identification of cognitive impairment is very important, with standardized screening instruments required to assess the cognitive status. However, the arsenal of such screening scales available to clinicians in Russia is limited and requires expansion. According to numerous international studies, the Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III) has the necessary sensitivity and specificity, which speaks well for developing and validating a Russian language version.</p>
<p>The <strong>aim</strong> of the study was the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III).</p>
<p><strong>Materials and methods.</strong> A forward and back translation was performed of three versions of the scale and the scoring guidelines. A preliminary version of the ACE-III was developed, pilot testing of the preliminary version was conducted, and a final Russian language version was then developed with the help of a philologist/linguist, and experts in neuropsychology and neurology, who work specifically with patients with cognitive impairments. Pilot testing of the preliminary version of the ACE-III involved 16 neurological patients at the Research Center of Neurology and the Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Centre, who were aged 3774 (60.25 10.8) years and 56% of whom were women. The patients clinical condition corresponded to the diagnostic criteria for cerebrovascular disease (n = 12), Parkinson's disease (n = 3) and spinocerebellar ataxia (n = 1).</p>
<p><strong>Results.</strong> Neither the subjects nor the examiners had any difficulty in understanding the instructions or the content during testing. Further work was done based on the results of the pilot testing, and three final versions of the scale (A, B and C) were accepted, as well as the scoring guidelines, a link to which is provided in the article.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>The obtained results indicate that the developed version of the ACE-III can be understood by the Russian-speaking population and can be used in clinical practice. At the time of article publication, research is being conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the final Russian language version.</p>neuropsychological assessmentAddenbrooke’s Cognitive Examinationcognitive impairmentsscreeningvalidationlinguistic and cultural adaptationнейропсихологическая диагностикаАдденбрукская шкалакогнитивные нарушенияскринингвалидациялингвокультурная адаптация[Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.R. Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–198. DOI: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6. PMID: 1202204.][Nasreddine Z.S., Phillips N.A., Bédirian V. et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695–699. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x. PMID: 15817019.][Hsieh S., Schubert S., Hoon C. et al. Validation of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2013;36(3–4):242–250. DOI: 10.1159/000351671. PMID: 23949210.][Matias-Guiu J.A., Cortes-Martinez A., Valles-Salgado M. et al. Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination III: diagnostic utility for mild cognitive impairment and dementia and correlation with standardized neuropsychological tests. Int Psychogeriatr. 2017;29(1):105–113. DOI: 10117/S1041610216001496. PMID: 27682860.][Mathuranath P.S., Nestor P.J., Berrios G.E. et al. A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2000;55(11):1613–1620. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000434309.85312.19. PMID: 11113213.][Noone P. Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III. Occup Med (Lond). 2015;65(5):418–420. DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqv041. PMID: 26187808.][Akhutina T.V. Neuropsychological examination. In: Akhutina T.V., Inshakova O.B. (eds.) [Neuropsychological diagnosis, examination of writing and reading of younger schoolboys]. 2nd ed. Moscow, 2012:4–64. (In Russ.)][Bajpai S., Upadhyay A., Sati H. et al. Hindi version of Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination III: Distinguishing cognitive impairment among older Indians at the lower cut-offs. Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:329–339. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S244707. PMID: 32184582.][Hodges J.R., Larner A.J. Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examinations: ACE, ACE-R, ACE-III, ACEapp, and M-ACE. In: Larner A.J. (ed.) Cognitive Screening Instruments. Practical Approach. Second Edition. Cham: Springer, 2017:109–137. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-44775-9_6.][Mekala S., Paplikar A., Mioshi E. et al. Dementia diagnosis in seven languages: Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III in India. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2020; 35(5):528–538. DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acaa013/5809061. PMID: 32188967.][Mioshi E., Dawson K., Mitchell J. et al. The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Exa- mination Revised (ACE-R): a brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(11):1078–1085. DOI: 10.1002/gps.1610. PMID: 16977673.][Elamin M., Holloway G., Bak T.H. et al. The utility of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Version Three in early-onset dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2015;41(1–2):9–15. DOI: 10.1159/000439248. PMID: 26473749.][Kan K.C., Subramaniam P., Shahrizaila N. et al. Validation of the Malay Version of Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III in detecting mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2019;9(1):66–76. DOI: 10.1159/000495107. PMID: 31043965.][Stott J., Scior K., Mandy W. et al. Dementia screening accuracy is robust to premorbid IQ variation: evidence from the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Exa- mination-III and the Test of Premorbid Function. Journal Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57(4):1293–1302. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-161218. PMID: 28372334.][Senda M., Terada S., Takenoshita S. et al. Diagnostic utility of the Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination — III (ACE-III), Mini-ACE, Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Hasegawa Dementia Scale-Revised for detecting mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Psychogeriatrics. 2019;20(2):156–162. DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12480. PMID: 31448862.][Takenoshita S., Terada S., Yoshida H. et al. Validation of Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination III for detecting mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Japan. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):123. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1120-4. PMID: 31035933.][Li X., Yang L., Yin J. et al. Validation study of the Chinese version of Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III for diagnosing mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia. J Clin Neurol. 2019;15(3): 313–320. DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2019.15.3.313. PMID: 31286702.]